The dashed grey horizontal line represents the null-effect at g = 0. The thin black horizontal lines represent the borders of the 95% confidence interval around the subgroup summary effect. The thick black horizontal lines represent the meta-analytic summary effects within the subgroups. Black dots represent individual effect sizes. m = number of effect sizes in a subgroup. p = p-value testing Hedges' g against zero. g = Hedges' g summary effect within the respective subgroup. Moderation by type of training (HTZ = 1.11, p =. There is not enough evidence to conclude that the repeated control of dominant responses is the critical element driving training effects. The mechanisms underlying the effect are poorly understood. Bias-correction techniques suggested the presence of small-study effects and/or publication bias and arrived at smaller effect size estimates (range: gcorrected =. Moderator analyses found that training effects tended to be larger for (a) self-control stamina rather than strength, (b) studies with inactive compared to active control groups, (c) males than females, and (d) when proponents of the strength model of self-control were (co)authors of a study. Results based on 33 studies and 158 effect sizes revealed a small-to-medium effect of g = 0.30, confidence interval (CI95). Here, we conducted a random-effects meta-analysis based on robust variance estimation of the published and unpublished literature on self-control training effects. A prominent idea suggests that training self-control by repeatedly overriding dominant responses should lead to broad improvements in self-control over time. Therefore, psychological interventions that reliably improve self-control are of great societal value. Self-control is positively associated with a host of beneficial outcomes.
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